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The effect is one side of the face is fully lit and the shadow side partly lit, ideally with a small triangular patch of light under the eye on the shadow side.
The second major factor is
the actual focal length of the lens. A photographer needs to be sufficiently close to their subject to communicate without
shouting but not so close that hey encroach on the subject’s personal space. Of equal importance is subject-lens distance. if you get too close to your subject you will steepen
perspective and distort facial features. Few subjects, other than circus clowns would appreciate this!